Introduction: In recent years, cognitive psychology studies have led to introduce explicit and implicit self-esteem. Several studies indicate that self-esteem can be conditioned for a few minutes.Method: In this study, several positive and negative subliminal stimuli paired with subject`s self and examined the effects of this pairing on their implicit self-esteem. This study was a pretest-posttest experimental design with experiments and control group. To manipulate implicit self-esteem, according to model of previous studies, using (ISEM) software on 90 subjects (45 males and 45 females) individually performed in two groups of negative and positive manipulation.Results: The results showed that the mean and median of implicit self-esteem increased in the positive and decreased in the negative intervention. Analysis of covariance indicates a significantly increase in positive manipulation, and decrease in negative manipulation of implicit self-esteem.Conclusion: The results of the study showed that although self-esteem feelings can be caused by childhood experiences, thereafter can increase or decrease with use of the basic principles of classical conditioning.

Aim: The present study investigated the effects of mood induction by subliminally presenting stimuli of human faces depicting happy and sad expressions.The aim of this research was to explore fundamental unconsciousness determinants of these moods.Method: Research method was pretest-posttest with control group.45 undergraduate students of Shahid Beheshti University were randomly divided into three groups: happy mood, sad mood and neutral mood. After completing the Positive and Negative Mood Scale (PANAS), each group was presented with 20 pictures of human faces depicting sad, happy or neutral moods. In post-test, participants were asked to complete PANAS again.Results: Results showed that subliminally presented happy faces decreased negative mood and increased positive mood. The opposite effect was observed for subliminally presented sad faces.Conclusion: It can be concluded that subliminal perception of faces may be effective in experimentally induced mood change and therefore these results may be used by practitioners and clinicians to treat mood disorders in particular depression.

Objective: The present study was conducted to determine the effect of subliminal presentation of smoking pictures on addiction potential, addiction acknowledgement, and addiction craving. Method: A quasi-experimental research method along with pretest-posttest/ control group design was employed in this study. The statistical population of this research included the male smokers who had presented to Rasht addiction treatment clinics (District one) in 2017. From among them, 40 men were selected through convenience sampling method and were randomly assign to one experimental group (n=20) and one control group (n=20). The Iranian Addiction Potential Scale (Zargar, 2006), Addiction Acknowledgement Scale (Weed et al., 1992), and Drug Craving Scale (Somoza et al., 1995) constituted the data collection instruments. Following the administration of the pretest, smoking pictures were subliminally presented to the experimental group, while the control group was exposed to subliminal neutral color pictures. After completing the task, both groups were subjected to the post-test. Results: The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between the mean ranks of addiction craving scores in the experimental group, which means that the rate of craving increased in the experimental group in comparison with the control group. However, there was no significant difference in variables of addiction potential and addiction acknowledgement (P> 0. 05). Conclusion: Considering the significant effect of subliminal presentation of smoking pictures on addiction craving, the subliminal presentation can be used in clinical settings as a therapeutic and preventive method for reducing addiction craving.

Background: Based on the studies which have investigated conscious and unconscious processes, simple arithmetic operations such as addition and multiplication can be automatically processed in the brain and affect subsequent responses. However, most studies have focused on addition and multiplication of one-digit numbers. In this research we used subliminal priming paradigm to assess automatic retrieval of subtraction operation for the first time.Objectives: The aim of this study was to use a subliminal priming paradigm in a naming task and investigate the automatic and unconscious processing of the subtraction operation. Research of this kind can help us determine different levels of unconscious and conscious processing in the brain.Materials and Methods: Forty-five graduate student in psychology at the Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz (between 18 and 25 years; mean 20.7, SD=2.7) participated in the experiment. For presenting the stimuli, an open-source software (DMDX) was used and presented on a 15-inch monitor. In the experiment, in the congruent condition, the prime was congruent with the target in terms of subtraction calculation result and in the incongruent condition there was no logical connection between the two stimuli. The vocal reaction time (RT) of participants was recorded and paired t-test analysis was conducted for comparison of the two conditions.Results: The data showed that naming the target by the participants is carried out faster when the two stimuli are congruent with each other in terms of the result of the operation.Conclusion: These findings may have implications on the levels of mathematical operations. In conclusion it seems that the calculation of one-digit numbers can happen at the level of simple neuronal circuits and may be carried out without conscious-awareness. The findings confirm the fact that calculating subtraction for one-digit numbers does not require conscious effort and can be processed automatically.